In this study, 130 participants (65 males and 65 females) were recruited and tested to obtain respiratory rates. The total average respiratory rates were 13.2 ± 4.83 and 15.9 ± 5.48 m3/day for resting and showering conditions, respectively. It was shown that the current default values of respiratory rate during resting (17.14 m3/day) and showering (24.0 m3/day), recommended by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration, could be overestimated. Additionally, 60 participants (31 males and 29 females) aged 29.3 ± 6.83 years were recruited to wear the accelerometer on both non-dominant hands and waists to obtain the metabolic rates under different physical activities with various intensities. Results from the accelerometer worn on waists indicated the proportion of time contributed by the light physical activity (LPA) and the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were 96.9% and 5.3%, individually. In most of the subjects evaluated in this study, sedentary behaviors were more frequent than the more health-beneficial moderate-to-vigorous physical activities. The metabolic equivalents measured by the accelerometer were plugged into the equation proposed by Layton (1993), estimating the daily inhalation rate (DIR) at 14.4 ± 3.94 m3/day (17.4 ± 3.01 and 11.2 ± 1.73 for males and females, respectively). The first questionnaire for the exposure assessment of different types of tourist areas showed that out of 351 questionees, 55.3% and 77.5% of them carried out activities annually in art and culture exhibition centers and outdoor recreation areas, respectively. The frequency and duration they spent in art and culture exhibition centers were 5.3 ± 7.8 time/year and 2.5 ± 1.1 hr/time, respectively, while those for the outdoor recreation areas were 12 ± 19 time/year and 4.4 ± 2.8 hr/time, respectively. The second questionnaire aims at the exposure parameters of the Jinguashi tourism and tourist area, a total of 150 questionees, including 74 tourists, 45 local workers, and 31 local residents were recruited. The frequency for the tourists to travel in Jinguashi was 2.5 ± 4.5 time/year. The time the local workers spend working in the Jinguashi area were on average 7.4 ± 7.2 year, and they spend averagely 5.2 ± 0.8 days per week on working. 65% of the local residents don’t have the habits of wearing gloves when conducing gardening activities, while the average frequency exposing to soil was 7.2 time/month. 25.8% of the questionees exposed to soil, grass, or dust without their hand being covered when carrying out outdoor activities, and the exposure frequency was on average 10 time/week. Based on the established empirical equation, we found the skin adherence factor higher when the ratio of sand to clay in the soil increased and the organic carbon content of soil decreased. Because 60% of tourists did not understand the soil pollution of Taijin contaminated site in the past, the risk via inhalation, oral ingestion, and dermal contact pathways of tourists would be assessed considering their behavior of trespassing. The result showed that the non-cancer and cancer risks of tourists did not exceed the acceptable levels. In contrast, 80% of local workers and residents knew the soil pollution of Taijin contaminated site in the past, so only the inhalation pathway needs to be considered. We also found that the non-cancer and cancer risks of local workers and residents did not exceed the acceptable levels.

Health risk assessment, Receptor exposure factor, Inhalation rate, Adherence factor, Tourist area